A field station must be a healthy and safe workplace for trainees, support staff, volunteers, visitors, and researchers; they in turn must strive to abide by the highest standards of personal and professional conduct. Those responsible for the governance and administration of field stations have a duty to enforce these standards — including when staff are participating in conferences and other off-station professional events — and to ensure researchers using station facilities can do so without fear of sexual harassment, discrimination, retaliation, or violence.
This failure to act swiftly and decisively resulted in a pervasive culture of impunity and dangerous working conditions. C the geological past, and are currently centers of diversity and endemism converted to agri Colinvaux In Costa Rica, cloud forests are covered with epiphytes, Unesco Changes in 1: , particularly where the soils are of high quality LaBastille and Pool However, it is difficult to assess precisely the global ex- large species, but M tent of such pressures in terms of their effects on structure and composition tended to be underre or disappearance of the cloud forests.
A recent evaluation of tropical hill and and Jenkins This is greater certain forest resour than the rate of deforestation for the tropical forest biome as a whole, esti- honey collection is a -mated to be about 0. Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Conservation Status and Management 31 pics, A variety of nonwood forest products is harvested from cloud forests. For h as example, in the mountains of Central Africa, Prunus africana is heavily ex-? AO ploited for the medicinal properties of its bark and is in danger of extinction Snvi- Letouzey For other products, such as shoots of the edible mountain ined bamboo Aruizdiizaria alpina in Uganda, it is difficult to assess whether or irest not harvesting is at a sustainable level.
In heavily populated mountainous this areas, the collection of fire wood for heating and cooking is a major con- iate- tributor to forest degradation. Fires of human origin are of importance along our- forest edges Thomas and Achoundong Logging, especially in sub- montane areas but also at higher altitudes for species such as Podocarpus, causes substantial changes to forest structure.
InAfrica, agriculture is found as high as 2, m 3ple altitude and pastures as high as 2,, m Letouzey whereas in the the Andes, agriculture has been developed as high as 3, m and pastures to eas, well over 4, m Morlon Tea and coffee estates are common in the luth montane forest zone of EastAfrica, and tea estates are widespread in the same s in zone in Sri Lanka.
Cloud forests on steep slopes in South America have been ism converted to agriculture and pastures, resulting i n severe erosion tes, Unesco In Costa Rica, the conversion of cloud forests into pastures, itri- even when there is a colonization by shrub trees, has resulted in a vegetation complex with fewer epiphytes, smaller biomasgand lower diversity Nadkarni ses, Changes in land use, such as gold mining or iron ore extraction, can Some cloud forests are nevertheless incorporated in the existing reserves in montane areas, but their extent and conservation status are difficult to as- ane sess because of fragmented information.
Generally, areas with lesser known ex- large species, but with numerous endemics, such as montane forests, have ion tended to be underrepresented in networks of protected areas Stuart, Adams, md and Jenkins For example, in some parts of Cameroon Highlands, sti- honey collection is an important activity for the local people and beehives are ate placed in trees such as SclzefJera spp. Some forests or parts of forests are blY dered sacred by local people and are afforded protection as occurs around Oku in Cameroon.
Tropical Mon Despite some notable examples of local protection, in most places high sources and state-cc population density and the consequent demand for forest products and land ceived national intei for alternate uses are the most important factors that influence the conserva- An additional inj tion status of cloud forests.
In some countries official government policies which forests are ni; recognize the conservation value of such forests, and attempts are made to montainous parts of establish protected reserves. However, in heavily populated areas, current land grounds different frc pressures are likely to lead to the preservation of only small forest patches make effective man: within a wider agricultural landscape.
This is the case in montane Central Africa, where rich volcanic soils and high population densities favor conver- sion to agriculture and grazing lands.
Conservation : The three projects d Management Issues of approaches that I areas subject to hea Some important biophysical aspects should be. However, the details of the processes involved are poorly. The Mount Elgon I The use of forest resources is increasingly driven by the immediate ben-! Agency for Develop efits that arise from these uses. Therre is often no real management of cloud between the Ministr forest resources based on rational assessment of the extent of goods and ser- i"long-term goal is to.
I, vices that can be provided by well-managed forests. Some studies are being while assisting comi conducted to evaluate the carrying capacity of the environment with respect directly linked to thc to resource use, but these studies have been recently established and are not project consisted of yet fully operational. It is frequently perceived that a lack of awareness and knowledge among implementation of a local people is at the heart of unsustainable utilization of forest resources.
A the infrastructure an more important constraint is often associated with the inability of local popu- A study has recentlj lations to take effective actions because of the presence of more powerful zation patterns in th socioeconomic structures. These nature of the interac interest groups may include a range of people, from those who depend on the lude to developing I forest for livelihood support to those who have an intellectual interest in for- est conservation.
There can also be, as in Eastern Zaire and the Cameroon Highlands, conflicts ernmental body, the between traditional customary regulations governing the use of natural re- local people and NC. Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Conservation Status and Management 33 es high sources and state-controlled structures and laws that tend to focus on per- nd land ceived national interests.
Examples can be seen in nade to montainous parts of the Philippines where migrants, often from ethnic back- :nt land grounds different from the local indigenous populations, create situations that patches make effective management difficult. Central conver- Conservation and Sustainable Use: Some IUCN Experiences The three projects described here are used as examples to illustrate a variety of approaches that may be suitable in advancing conservation objectives in areas subject to heavy pressure on forest resources.
They are being imple- cussing mented in montane and submontane areas where cloud forests occur, but where lated to they cover only part of the project area. The primary goal of the projects is to f forest ensure the conservation of forest resources -- by facilitating related develop- ance of ment activities. The ind ser- long-term goal is to ensure conservation of natural forests on Mount Elgon e being while assisting community development activities where this development is respect directly linked to the sustainable use of forest products.
The first phase of the are not project consisted of an extensive study and planning stage, combined with some immediate conservation measures. Phase two, under way, consists of among implementation of a management plan for the forest and a long-term strategy ources.
De- dent on marcation of the Mount Elgon Forest Park boundaries and improvement of trest. A the infrastructure and management of the park are also part of the activities. The plan will involve people who depend on har- vesting bamboo shoots and stems in management of the bamboo resources. Similar studies are planned to determine the I. These nature of the interactions between people and other forest resources as a pre- 1on the lude to developing management procedures aimed at sustainable utilization.
Tropical A r tures and agriculture, gathering of wood for fuel and construction , hunting, Such topics fo. The approach selected is a participative the conditions ne one, bringing external expertise to work with local people and NGOs to provided some c facilitate planning and sustainable development. This participatory rural de- projects. A conch velopment process has permitted local people to gather information and ana- to cloud forest cc lyze environmental and socioeconomic problems they are facing.
The pants and interesr socioecomomic data are processed locally, and the results will be discussed necessary to built with the rural people living in the area, through workshops to be held in se- and potential con lected villages.
This action will form the basis for future project planning. Sir inforced local awareness and local capacity to analyze and manage natural should be further resources. This cooperative effort is vital in countries like Zaire where inter- The diversity nal conflicts have resulted in disintegration of the administrative capacity of some basic princ the official government. Some problems experienced include the necessity to be valid worldwi send longer support missions than may be the case in normal circumstances, Poore This analysis led to a evaluation of program aimed at conservation and sustainable use of the native Andean for- i their conserv2 ests by stabilizing the pressures on these forests and reclaiming degraded ar- eas.
The activities include establishing demonstration projects, strengthening , ' U identification institutional capacity, analyzing the legislative system, and enhancing regional practices; coordination and knowledge sharing. This project is financed by and will be definition of implemented by Intercooperation and the Swiss Technical Cooperation with those areas w local organizations and communities; IUCN will provide technical support.
Conclusions identification actions betwe The values and services provided by TMCFs should be fully recognized and establishment taken into account in policy statements and management decisions. Manage- cloud forests, ment decisions should consider 1 the necessity of exploiting products within the carrying capacity of the ecosystems; 2 the value of forests in water capture and for maintaining soil stability particularly important in areas where soils are prone to erosion ; and 3 the necessity of conserving reservoirs for ge- detailed map1 netic material.
The conversion of forests to other uses should be carried out tion value lo only after careful impact analysis. Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Consentation Status and Management 35 ng, Such topics for consideration are important; however, they do not meet all ive the conditions necessary for sustainable use of natural resources.
A conclusion of these project experiences is that the major constraint na- to cloud forest conservation is awareness and commitment of all the partici- 'he pants and interest groups for the long-term conservation of these forests. It is sed necessary to build management processes that take into account the existing se- and potential conflicts to be resolved and to design a human-scale approach, which is more participative, favoring integration of concerns and cooperation re- Poore Similar initiatives are being implemented around the world but ral should be further developed, extended, and adapted to different circumstances.
Regionally identification of the transfrontier cloud forests that deserve coordinated actions between neighboring countries; d establishment of cooperation processes to manage sustainably transfrontier 3- cloud forests, and design of regional policies.
Tropical Mo development of a strategy to e n s u r e t h a t t h e values of c l o u d forests a r e Nadkarni, N. San Frai implementation of management regimes that t a k e a c c o u n t of t h e legiti- tion for the Advar m a t e demands of local people f o r access t o a n d u s a g e of f o r e s t products in Persson, R. Poore, D. Ha Acknowledgments. Bonet, Department of Entomology, Instituto de Ecologa Author : Michael D.
Author : Willy H. Author : Horst W. Oliveira, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Mansourian; A. Wojtezak; S. Etkin; Ralph Kirby; T. Downing and M. Author : L. In: Tropical biology and conservation management , vol.
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